niaibook.cc 
6. 1839年改革法令的译本转载于J. C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp.269-271。
7. 1856年改革法令的文本转载于ibid., pp.315-318.
8. 大马士革的奥斯曼法官穆罕默德·萨义德·乌斯图沃奈的捧记由Asʻad al-Ustuwana编辑出版，Mashahid wa ahdath dimishqiyya fi muntasif al-qarn al-tasiʻ ʻashar (1840—1861)(Damascus: Dar al-Jumhuriyya, 1993), p.162。
9. Jonathan Frankel, The Damascus Affair: “Ritual Murder,” Politics, and the Jews in 1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
10. Bruce Masters, “The 1850 Events in Aleppo: An Aftershock of Syria's Incorporation into the Capitalist World System,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 22 (1990): 3-20.
11. Leila Fawaz, An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1994); and Ussama Makdisi, The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000).
12. 大马士革穆斯林要人艾布·沙特·哈希卜的回忆录引自 Kamal Salibi, “The 1860 Upheaval in Damascus as Seen by al-Sayyid Muhammad Abu'l-Suʻud al-Hasibi, Notable and Later Naqib al-Ashraf of the City,” in William Polk and Richard Chambers, eds., Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p.190。
13. Wheeler Thackston Jr. 翻译了米哈伊勒·米舍卡写于1873年的历史，译本题为Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), p.244。
14. 米舍卡1860年9月27捧向美国驻贝鲁特领事提贰的阿拉伯语报告，存于美国马里兰州大学公园市国家档案馆。
15. Y. Hakan Erdem, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise, 1800—1909 (Basingstoke, UK: 1996).
16. Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800—1914 (London: Methuen, 1981), p.123.
17. David Landes, Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp.91-92.
18. Owen, Middle East in the World Economy, pp.126-127.
19. Janet Abu Lughod, Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp.98-113.
20. 海伊尔丁的自传《致我的孩子》（À mes enfants）由M. S. Mzali和J. Pignon编辑出版：“Documents sur Kheredine,” Revue Tunisienne (1934): 177-225, 347-396，本段引文见p.183。
21. 海伊尔丁的政治著作《万国实闻录》（Aqwam al-masalik li maʻrifat ahwal al-mamalik）的编译本为Leon Carl Brown, The Surest Path: The Political Treatise of a Nineteenth-Century Muslim Statesman (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967)。
22. Ibid., pp.77-78.
23. Jean Ganiage, Les Origines du Protectorat francaise en Tunisie (1861—1881) (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1959); L. Carl Brown, The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey (1837—1855) (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974); and Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830—1980 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).
24. 转引自Brown, The Surest Path, p.134。
25. Mzali and Pignon, “Documents sur Kheredine,” pp.186-187.
26. P. J. Vatikiotis, The History of Egypt from Muhammad Ali to Sadat (London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).
27. Niyazi Berkes, The Emergence of Secularism in Turkey (London: Routledge, 1998), p.207.
28. Ahmet Cevdet Pasha in Charles Issawi, The Economic History of Turkey, 1800—1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp.349-351; and Roderic Davison, Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856—1876 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), p.112.
29. Mzali and Pignon, “Documents sur Kheredine,” pp.189-190.
30. Owen, Middle East in the World Economy, pp.100-121.
31. Ibid., pp.122-152.
第五章第一波殖民主义：北非
1. 两份报告的文本转载于Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp.227-231。
2. Rifaʻa Rafiʻal-Tahtawi, An Imam in Paris (London: Saqi, 2004), pp.326-327.
3. Alexandre Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader: Sa Vie politique et militaire (Paris: Hachette, 1863), p.120.
4. 两份条约的原始文本与英语译文转载于Raphael Danziger, Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians: Resistance to the French and Internal Consolidation (New York: Holmes ＆ Meier, 1977), pp.241-260。条约分培给法国和阿尔及利亚的领土地图见ibid., pp.95-96，157-158。
5. Reproduced in Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader, p.260.
6. Ibid., p.223.
7. A. de France, Abd-El-Kader's Prisoners; or Five Months' Captivity Among the Arabs (London: Smith, Elder and Co., n.d.), pp.108-110.
8. Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader, pp.286-289. 阿卜杜·卡迪尔之子在Tuhfat al-za'ir fi tarikh al-Jaza'ir wa'l-Amir ʻAbd al-Qadir (Beirut: Dar al-Yaqiza al-ʻArabiyya, 1964), pp.428-431中描写了齐马拉陷落对士兵士气的影响。
9. Tangier Convention for the Restoration of Friendly Relations: France and Morocco, September 10, 1844, reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, pp.286-287.
10. Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader, p.242.
11. Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp.190-191. 注意法郎兑英镑比率为FF25 =￡1, 土耳其镑兑英镑比率为￡T1 =￡0.909。
12. 欧拉比的自传被收入Jurji Zaydan编写的人物志《19世纪东方名人传》（Tarajim Mashahir al-Sharq fi'l-qarn al-tasiʻ ʻashar）， vol. 1 (Cairo: Dar al-Hilal, 1910), (hereafter Urabi memoirs)。
13. Ibid., p.261.
14. 1903年，欧拉比向威尔弗里德·斯科恩·布云特讲述了这些事件，硕者将之收入Secret History of the British Occupation of Egypt (New York: Howard Fertig, 1967, reprint of 1922 ed.), p.369。
15. Urabi memoirs, p.269.
16. Ibid., p.270.
17. Ibid., p.272.
18. 布云特请穆罕默德·阿布笃评论欧拉比对这些事件的叙述，见Blunt, Secret History, p.376。
19. Urabi memoirs, p.274.
20. Blunt, Secret History, p.372.
21. A. M. Broadley, How We Defended Arabi and His Friends (London: Chapman and Hall, 1884), p.232.
22. Ibid., pp.375-376.
23. Blunt, Secret History, p.299.
